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Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Alhambra, The". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol.1 (11thed.). Cambridge University Press. pp.656–658. Little is known about the architects and craftsmen who built the Alhambra, but more is known about the Dīwān al-Ins͟hā', or chancery. [98] This institution seems to have played an increasingly important role in the design of buildings, probably because inscriptions came to feature so prominently in their decoration. [99] [100] The head of the chancery was often also the vizier (prime minister) of the sultan. Although not exactly architects, the terms of office of many individuals in these positions coincide with the major phases of construction in the Alhambra, which suggests that they played a role in leading construction projects. [100] The most important figures who held these positions, such as Ibn al-Jayyab, Ibn al-Khatib, and Ibn Zamrak, also composed much of the poetry that adorns the walls of the Alhambra. Ibn al-Jayyab served as head of the chancery at various times between 1295 and 1349 under six sultans from Muhammad II to Yusuf I. [99] [100] Ibn al-Khatib served as both head of the chancery and as vizier for various periods between 1332 and 1371, under the sultans Yusuf I and Muhammad V. [99] [100] Ibn Zamrak served as vizier and head of the chancery for periods between 1354 and 1393, under Muhammad V and Muhammad VII. [99] [100] [101] Decoration [ edit ] Stucco-carved muqarnas (or mocárabes) in the Palace of the Lions You are most welcome, Brother. Please share the blessings of this knowledge with your family and friends as well, Insha’Allah.

The Vase of the Gazelles at the Alhambra Museum Bronze lamp from the Alhambra Mosque, dated to 1305 (housed at the National Archaeological Museum) Robinson, Cynthia (2008). "Marginal Ornament: Poetics, Mimesis, And Devotion In The Palace Of The Lions". Muqarnas. 25: 193. ISBN 9789047426745. Archived from the original on 23 June 2022 . Retrieved 13 April 2022.

Puerta-Vílchez, José Miguel (2022). "The Alhambra and the Generalife. The Eternal Landmarks of Islamic Granada". In Boloix-Gallardo, Bárbara (ed.). A Companion to Islamic Granada. Brill. pp.365–406. ISBN 9789004382114. Archived from the original on 23 June 2022 . Retrieved 31 May 2022. García-Pulido, Luis José (September 2016). "The Mastery in Hydraulic Techniques for Water Supply at the Alhambra". Journal of Islamic Studies. 27 (3): 355–382. doi: 10.1093/jis/etw016. a b c d "Modesto Tiburcio Cendoya Busquets | Real Academia de la Historia". dbe.rah.es. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022 . Retrieved 25 February 2022. The Alhambra ( / æ l ˈ h æ m b r ə/, Spanish: [aˈlambɾa]; Arabic: الْحَمْرَاء, romanized: al-ḥamrāʼ) is a palace and fortress complex located in Granada, Andalusia, Spain. It is one of the most famous monuments of Islamic architecture and one of the best-preserved palaces of the historic Islamic world, in addition to containing notable examples of Spanish Renaissance architecture. [1] [2] [3] Fernández Puertas, Antonio (1997). The Alhambra. Vol 1: From the Ninth Century to Yusuf I (1354). Saqi Books. ISBN 978-0-86356-466-6.

The Alhambra was often remembered nostalgically in some Muslim societies after the Christian conquest of 1492 and may have influenced later examples of Islamic architecture. For example, several monuments constructed by the Saadian dynasty, which ruled Morocco in the 16th and 17th centuries, appear to imitate prototypes found in the Alhambra, particularly the Court of the Lions. [235] [236] Dodds, Jerrilynn (1979). "The Paintings in the Sala de Justicia of the Alhambra: Iconography and Iconology". Art Bulletin. 61 (2): 186–197. doi: 10.1080/00043079.1979.10787657. The architecture of the Nasrid palaces reflects the tradition of Moorish architecture developed over previous centuries. [16] [14] It is characterized by the use of the courtyard as a central space and basic unit around which other halls and rooms were organized. [17] Courtyards typically had water features at their center, such as a reflective pool or a fountain. Decoration was focused on the inside of the building and was executed primarily with tile mosaics on lower walls and carved stucco on the upper walls. Geometric patterns, vegetal motifs, and Arabic inscriptions were the main types of decorative motifs. Additionally, "stalactite"-like sculpting, known as muqarnas, was used for three-dimensional features like vaulted ceilings. [13] [17] Panorama of the Alhambra from Mirador de San Nicolas. From left to right: Generalife, Veleta mountain, Nasrid Palaces, Palace of Charles V, and Alcazaba Night view of Alhambra from Mirador de San Nicolas Panorama of the Alhambra Etymology [ edit ] Further information: Palacio del Partal Alto and Palace of the Convent of San Francisco The Convent of Saint Francis was built over the remains of a former Nasrid palace. The building is now a Parador (state-owned hotel).Epigraphic samples from the Court of the Myrtles: what Muhammad Kurd Ali described as Andalusi mushabbak (sinuous) script ( خط أندلسي مُشَبَّك), or what Western sources refer to as Nasrid cursive (left and center images) [119] and floral Kufic script (right). Main structures [ edit ] Entrance gates [ edit ] The Puerta de la Justicia (Gate of Justice), the main southern gate to the Alhambra, built by Yusuf I in 1348 Where are the Alhambra's monarchs buried?". 21 August 2017. Archived from the original on 17 June 2020 . Retrieved 18 June 2020. Kenny, Daniel (1875). "Illustrated Cincinnati". Stevens. p.106. Archived from the original on 1 February 2022 . Retrieved 19 May 2013. a b "Alhambra, Granada, Spain". AirPano. Archived from the original on 3 February 2017 . Retrieved 23 January 2017. Blair, Sheila S. (2019). Islamic Inscriptions. Edinburgh University Press. p.91. ISBN 978-1-4744-6448-2. Archived from the original on 2 May 2022 . Retrieved 13 April 2022.

The Arabic word zellij gave rise to the Spanish word azulejos, but the latter is now used to designate various ceramic artwork more generally. [102] a b c d García-Pulido, Luis José (20 June 2016). "The Mastery in Hydraulic Techniques for Water Supply at the Alhambra". Journal of Islamic Studies. 27 (3): 355–382. doi: 10.1093/jis/etw016. ISSN 0955-2340. Archived from the original on 19 November 2018 . Retrieved 19 November 2018.

Roxburgh, David J. (ed.) (2014). Envisioning Islamic Art and Architecture. Brill. ISBN 9789004280281, pp. 18–19. García Porras, Alberto (2020). "Productive Activities and Material Culture". In Fábregas, Adela (ed.). The Nasrid Kingdom of Granada between East and West: (Thirteenth to Fifteenth Centuries). Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-44359-4. Archived from the original on 23 June 2022 . Retrieved 11 February 2022. On the south side of the courtyard, the Sala de los Abencerrajes ('Hall of the Abencerrages') derives its name from a legend according to which the father of Boabdil, the last sultan of Granada, having invited the chiefs of that line to a banquet, massacred them here. [169] It is covered by an elaborate muqarnas vault ceiling, featuring a 16-sided lantern cupola in the shape of an eight-pointed star, possibly symbolizing the celestial heaven. [170] [171] [172] On the north side of the courtyard is the Sala de Dos Hermanas ('Hall of Two Sisters'), so-called because of two large slabs of marble that form part of the pavement. Its original Arabic name was al-Qubba al-Kubrā (Arabic: القبة الكبرى, lit.'the Great Dome'), suggesting it had a particular significance. [170] The hall is covered by one of the most remarkable muqarnas domes in Islamic art. The muqarnas composition consists of at least 5000 prismatic pieces, unfolding from the central summit into sixteen miniature domes right above the level of the windows. [173] [174] Kennedy, Hugh (1996). Muslim Spain and Portugal: A Political History of al-Andalus. Routledge. ISBN 9781317870418. a b Degeorge, Gérard; Porter, Yves (2002). The Art of the Islamic Tile. Random House Incorporated. p.24. ISBN 978-2-08-010876-0.

After Owen Jones published Plans, Elevations, Sections and Details of the Alhambra in London from 1842 to 1845, a fanciful, ornamental, Alhambra-inspired Orientalist architectural style called Alhambresque became popular in the West in the 18th–19th centuries. [234] The style was later absorbed in the Ottoman world, in what Ussama Makdisi called "Ottoman Orientalism." [234]The Moor's Last Stand: How Seven Centuries of Muslim Rule in Spain Came to an End, Elizabeth Drayson All Praise is for Allah who has clothed me with this garment and provided it for me, with no power nor might from myself. Marcel L'Herbier's 1921 film El Dorado features many scenes shot in and around the Alhambra palace. This was the first time permission had been granted for a feature film company to shoot inside the Alhambra palace and L'Herbier gave prominent place to its gardens, fountains and geometric architectural patterns, which became some of the film's most memorable images. wa lā takilnī ilā nafsī ṭarfata `ayn. O Ever-Living One, O Eternal One, by Your mercy I call on You to set right all my affairs.