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During the middle of the 1960s to the 70s, migration flipped in origin to the majority of those arriving being of South Asian origin from the Indian sub-continent. Immigration restrictions, in response to the ever increasing number arriving, were introduced, such as the Commonwealth Immigrants Act of 1962, Commonwealth Immigrants Act of 1968 and the Immigration Act of 1971. [125] [124] By the 1870s, the total fertility rate of the UK population declined from 4.88 children per woman in 1871, to 2.4 by 1921, representing a transition to the third stage of the demographic transition. [5] Traditional means of birth control were used such as abstinence and withdrawal facilitated the collapse of the birth rate, [5] this was also hastened by the 1930s by more modern methods of contraception which were beginning to be used with increased acceptance. [5] From 1840 to 1930 there was a net emigration of English people out of the country which resulted in the population being stunted in the capacity it could have grown to. [5]

The United Kingdom's de facto official language is English which is spoken as a first language by 95% of the population. Six regional languages— Scots, Ulster-Scots, Welsh, Cornish, Irish and Scottish Gaelic—are protected under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. Abilities in these languages (other than Cornish) for those aged three and above were recorded in the census of 2011 as follows. [182] [183] [184] Regional languages [ edit ] Ability Birthweight and gestational age by ethnic group, England and Wales 2005: introducing new data on births" (PDF). 15 February 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 February 2009 . Retrieved 22 August 2022.The fertility rate of the country before the 19th century maintained itself at an average of around 5 children per woman. This fertility rate within the United Kingdom has been falling since 1870, when the country began into transition into the 3rd stage of the demographic transition. [39] [37] [25] [40] [41] This transition represents the change in reproductive strategy from how many children a mother 'needs' to more of how many she 'wants' and a substitution of quality over quantity in the offspring produced. [42] [43] From the 1880s onwards, the birth rate began to decline rapidly from the levels it had previous sustained itself at. [43] In England this crude birth rate decline represented a 44% decrease over a period from 1875 to 1920. [43] In 2010, academic David Coleman produced research postulating a future demographic decline of the White British in Britain, indicating that they would become a minority in Birmingham and London during the 2020s. [162] He also estimated that around 2056 to 2066, the trend of a declining share of the white populace will result in the United Kingdom having an overall white minority. [163] [164]

If net immigration trends (in 2010) continued its overall trend of 254,000 a year and net emigration of the White British was 74,000 a year (180,000 per year), the White British would decline to 59% of the total population by 2051, 'Other Whites' projected to be at 10% and non-Whites projected to be 31% of the population. By 2066 this would inevitably lead to the White British being a minority of the population. Since 1994, net migration in numbers has been in the positives, with more people entering the country, rather than leaving. [25] Migration increased fourfold following the election of Tony Blair in 1997, [126] [127] immigration restrictions were undone such as the primary purpose rule. [128] The reduction of the total fertility rate of the United Kingdom has also had an effect on the mean age in which a mother gives birth to her first child. [46]K. Schürer, & T. Arkell (eds.), Surveying the People: the interpretation and use of document sources for the study of population in the late seventeenth century (pp.142–177). Oxford: Leopard's Hill Press. TS077 - Sexual orientation - Nomis - Official Census and Labour Market Statistics". www.nomisweb.co.uk . Retrieved 7 May 2023. a b c d e f Galor, Oded (1 January 2012). "The demographic transition: causes and consequences". Cliometrica. 6 (1): 1–28. doi: 10.1007/s11698-011-0062-7. ISSN 1863-2513. PMC 4116081. PMID 25089157.

a b Marshall, Louise; Finch, David; Cairncross, Liz; Bibby, Jo (November 2019). "Mortality and life expectancy trends in the UK: stalling progress" (PDF). Starting from the 1950s onwards, following on from the British Nationality Act of 1948 which de jure allowed the migration of upwards 800,000,000 [123] British subjects who were now British citizens in law, modern mass migration to the United Kingdom began. During this decade West Indians from the Caribbean, those from Jamaica and so on began to arrive. [124] In 2003, Right to Request was setup which allowed the parents of small children to request flexible working times which included shorter working hours for parents to care for their children. [25] However, although a majority of requests for Right to Request are accepted, a report in 2006 found that its impact was negligible as mothers tended to switch employers to get reduced hours regardless. [25] The following table shows the total UK population estimated at census dates. Pre 1901 figures include the whole of Ireland, whereas from 1901 onwards only the population of Northern Ireland is included. Ffigyrau addysg Gymraeg yn 'sioc' ". BBC Cymru Fyw (in Welsh). 4 August 2016 . Retrieved 12 June 2020.

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Sillitoe, K.; White, P. H. (1992). "Ethnic Group and the British Census: The Search for a Question". Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series A (Statistics in Society). 155 (1): 141–163. doi: 10.2307/2982673. ISSN 0964-1998. JSTOR 2982673. PMID 12159122. Improvements in public diets and nutritional quality increases, which are linked to biological factors such as a decline in lactation, have also been included as a potential factor in the decline of the fertility rate. [40] Technological developments within the society also began to have an effect; contraceptive use become somewhat usable on a mass scale in the latter half of the 19th century due to technological developments in the production of rubber. [40] Abortion, while illegal during the 19th century, was also used by women, however to what extent at the time is unknown. [40] By the end of the 20th century the figure of urbanisation was 80% of the country. [78] Importance in population size however of the capital declined during the latter half of the 20th century. By the end of the 20th century, London's ranking on the most populated cities of the world had fallen down to not even being in the top 20. [82] The impetus to collect population data was reinforced due to food supply concerns and war against France in the late 18th century and the beginning of the early 19th century. [5] In 1800, the Census Act was passed, authorising the first modern census in British history to be conducted. [5] Census established and the demographic transition, 1800 – 2000 [ edit ] Population development of the UK since 1800 Report states that births in which no ethnicity was stated were usually White British. If assumptions about all non-stated births are actually White British, the percentage of the group rises to 75.2% of births in 2005 and 80.3% White overall.