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a b Widerøe, Turi (2008). "Annekteringen av Dronning Maud Land". Norsk Polarhistorie (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 24 September 2015 . Retrieved 15 July 2011. US Navy Rear Admiral Richard Evelyn Byrd led five expeditions to Antarctica during the 1930s, 1940s, and 1950s. He overflew the South Pole with pilot Bernt Balchen on 28 and 29 November 1929, to match his overflight of the North Pole in 1926. Byrd's explorations had science as a major objective and extensively used the aircraft to explore the continent.

Main article: Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition Edmund Hillary (left) with Rear-Admiral George J. Dufek at Scott Base just before the Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition's departure from the base

Let's compare – Antarctica and the UK

Friction between Britain and the Latin American states continued into the post war period. Royal Navy warships were despatched in 1948 to prevent naval incursions and in 1952, an Argentine shore party at Hope Bay (the British Base "D", established there in 1945, came up against the Argentine Esperanza Base, est. 1952) fired a machine gun over the heads of a British Antarctic Survey team unloading supplies from the John Biscoe. The Argentines later extended a diplomatic apology, saying that there had been a misunderstanding and that the Argentine military commander on the ground had exceeded his authority. Mills, William James (11 December 2003). Exploring Polar Frontiers. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-57-607422-0. Archived from the original on 30 June 2023 . Retrieved 23 September 2008. pp. 135–139 Jones, Max (2003). The Last Great Quest. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 59. ISBN 978-01-9280-483-9.

Lane, Kris E. (1998). Pillaging the Empire: Piracy in the Americas 1500–1750. Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe. p.88. ISBN 978-0-76560-256-5. Archived from the original on 2023-06-30 . Retrieved 2020-05-27. Finally, to prevent the possibility of military conflict in the region, the United States, United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and 9 other countries with significant interests negotiated and signed the Antarctic Treaty in 1959. The treaty entered into force in 1961 and sets aside Antarctica as a scientific preserve, established freedom of scientific investigation and banned military activity on that continent. The treaty was the first arms control agreement established during the Cold War. [113] Recent history [ edit ] The MV Explorer in Antarctica in January 1999. She sank on 23 November 2007 after hitting an iceberg. The Dutch expedition to Valdivia of 1643 intended to round Cape Horn sailing through Le Maire Strait but strong winds made it instead drift south and east. [14] Northerly winds pushed the expedition as far south as 61°59 S where icebergs were abundant before a southerly wind that begun on April 7 allowed the fleet to advance west. [14] The small fleet led by Hendrik Brouwer managed to enter the Pacific Ocean sailing south of Isla de los Estados disproving earlier beliefs that it was part of Terra Australis. [14] [15] [16] South of the Antarctic Convergence [ edit ] Satchell, Michael (5 June 1983). "Women Who Conquer the South Pole (continued)". The San Bernardino County Sun. Archived from the original on 12 December 2019 . Retrieved 29 August 2016– via Newspapers.com.Xin, Zhang (2010). Be careful, Here is Antarctica - the statistics and analysis of the grave accidents in Antarctica (PGCert). University of Canterbury. Archived from the original on 2023-06-30 . Retrieved 2020-11-01. Hulbe, Christina L.; Wang, Weili; Ommanney, Simon (2010). "Women in Glaciology, a Historical Perspective" (PDF). Journal of Glaciology. 56 (200): 947. Bibcode: 2010JGlac..56..944H. doi: 10.3189/002214311796406202. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 November 2018 . Retrieved 27 August 2016.

On 15 April 1928, only a year after Charles Lindbergh's flight across the Atlantic, Wilkins and Eielson made a trans-Arctic crossing from Point Barrow, Alaska, to Spitsbergen, arriving about 20 hours later on 16 April, touching along the way at Grant Land on Ellesmere Island. [81] For this feat and his prior work, Wilkins was knighted. An important precursor to the Heroic Age of Antarctic exploration was the Dundee Antarctic Expedition of 1892-93 in which four Dundee whaling ships travelled south to the Antarctic in search of whales instead of their usual Arctic route. The expedition was accompanied by several naturalists (including Williams Speirs Bruce) and an artist, William Gordon Burn Murdoch. The publications (both scientific and popular) and exhibitions that resulted did much to reignite public interest in the Antarctic. The performance of the whaling ships was also crucial in the decision to build the RRS Discovery in Dundee. [38] dive past walls of ice before they can even begin fishing. Weddell seal adaptations How are Weddell seals adapted to survive in Antarctica? The most southerly dwelling of all mammals they live at Prieto Larrain, M. Cristina (2004). "El Tratado Antártico, vehículo de paz en un campo minado". Revista Universum (in Spanish). University of Talca. 19 (1): 138–147. Archived from the original on 20 September 2021 . Retrieved 31 December 2015.

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a b Escude, Carlos; Cisneros, Andres. "Historia General de las Relaciones Exteriores de la Republica Argentina" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on May 4, 2012 . Retrieved July 6, 2012. Bertrand, Kenneth J. (1971). Americans in Antarctica 1775–1948. New York: American Geographical Society.