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The husks can be used as flotation devices. As an abrasive, [157] a dried half coconut shell with husk can be used to buff floors. It is known as a bunot in the Philippines and simply a "coconut brush" in Jamaica. The fresh husk of a brown coconut may serve as a dish sponge or body sponge. A coco chocolatero was a cup used to serve small quantities of beverages (such as chocolate drinks) between the 17th and 19th centuries in countries such as Mexico, Guatemala, and Venezuela. One review even suggested that coconut oil may help lower blood sugar levels, which may be due to its anti-inflammatory properties and antioxidant content ( 20). Copra is the dried meat of the seed and after processing produces coconut oil and coconut meal. Coconut oil, aside from being used in cooking as an ingredient and for frying, is used in soaps, cosmetics, hair oil, and massage oil. Coconut oil is also a main ingredient in Ayurvedic oils. In Vanuatu, coconut palms for copra production are generally spaced 9m (30ft) apart, allowing a tree density of 100 to 160 per hectare (40 to 65 per acre). Foale, M. The Coconut Odyssey: The Bounteous Possibilities of the Tree of Life; Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research: Canberra, Australia, 2003; ISBN 1-86320-370-2. [ Google Scholar]
Your body metabolizes MCTs differently than other types of fats, absorbing them directly from your small intestine and rapidly using them for energy ( 13, 14, 15). Bondar, G. A Cultura do Coqueiro (Cocos nucifera L.) No Brasil; Tipografia Naval: Salvador, Brazil, 1955. [ Google Scholar] Bourdeix, R.; Adkins, S.; Johnson, V.; Perera, L. In Situ and Ex Situ Conservation of Coconut Genetic Resources. In Coconut Biotechnology: Towards the Sustainability of the ‘Tree of Life’; Adkins, S., Foale, M., Bourdeix, R., Nguyen, Q., Biddle, J., Eds.; Springer: Cham, Switzerland, 2020; pp. 51–57. ISBN 978-3-030-44988-9. [ Google Scholar] These provide substantial circumstantial evidence that deliberate Austronesian voyagers were involved in carrying coconuts across the Pacific Ocean and that they could not have dispersed worldwide without human agency. More recently, genomic analysis of cultivated coconut ( C.nucifera L.) has shed light on the movement. However, admixture, the transfer of genetic material, evidently occurred between the two populations. [71]Maturity is difficult to assess on an unopened coconut, and there is no technically proven method for determining maturity. Based on color and size, younger coconuts tend to be smaller and have brighter colors, while more mature coconuts have browner colors and are larger. [121] They can also be determined traditionally by tapping on the coconut fruit. Malauhog has a "solid" sound when tapped, while Malakanin and Malakatad produce a "hollow" sound. [119] [120] Another method is to shake the coconut. Immature coconuts produce a sloshing sound when shaken (the sharper the sound, the younger it is), while fully mature coconuts do not. [122] [123] Because it’s grain-free, the flour is also good for those on the paleo diet, which does not allow grain products like regular wheat flour.
Coconut palms require warm conditions for successful growth, and are intolerant of cold weather. Some seasonal variation is tolerated, with good growth where mean summer temperatures are between 28 and 37°C (82 and 99°F), and survival as long as winter temperatures are above 4–12°C (39–54°F); they will survive brief drops to 0°C (32°F). Severe frost is usually fatal, although they have been known to recover from temperatures of −4°C (25°F). Due to this, there are not many coconut palms in California. [58] They may grow but not fruit properly in areas with insufficient warmth, such as Bermuda. Baskin, J.M.; Baskin, C.C. What kind of seed dormancy might palms have? Seed Sci. Res. 2014, 24, 17–22. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef][ Green Version]However, more research is needed to evaluate whether the potential benefits associated with MCTs also apply to coconut oil ( 12). Summary Some South Asian, Southeast Asian, and Pacific Ocean cultures have origin myths in which the coconut plays the main role. In the Hainuwele myth from Maluku, a girl emerges from the blossom of a coconut tree. [179] In Maldivian folklore, one of the main myths of origin reflects the dependence of the Maldivians on the coconut tree. [180] In the story of Sina and the Eel, the origin of the coconut is related as the beautiful woman Sina burying an eel, which eventually became the first coconut. [181] The high fiber content of coconut meat can also help slow digestion and may potentially improve insulin resistance, which can help regulate blood sugar levels as well ( 22). Walters, C.; Ballesteros, D.; Vertucci, V.A. Structural mechanics of seed deterioration: Standing the test of time. Plant Sci. 2010, 179, 565–573. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef]
Cocos nucifera is a large palm, growing up to 30 metres (100 feet) tall, with pinnate leaves 4–6m (13–20ft) long, and pinnae 60–90 centimetres (2–3ft) long; old leaves break away cleanly, leaving the trunk smooth. [6] On fertile soil, a tall coconut palm tree can yield up to 75 fruits per year, but more often yields less than 30. [7] [8] [9] Given proper care and growing conditions, coconut palms produce their first fruit in six to ten years, taking 15 to 20 years to reach peak production. [10] Niral, V.; Jerard, B. Botany, Origin and Genetic Resources of Coconut. In The Coconut Palm (Cocos nucifera L.)-Research and Development Perspectives; Nampoothiri, K.U.K., Krishnakumar, V., Thampan, P.K., Nair, M.A., Eds.; Springer: Singapore, 2019; pp. 57–111. ISBN 978-981-13-2754-4. [ Google Scholar]While studies show that saturated fat consumption is not directly associated with a higher risk of heart disease, some health organizations, including the American Heart Association, recommend limiting your intake to less than 5–6% of total daily calories ( 30, 31).
Bourdeix, R.; Konan, J.-L.; N’Cho, Y.P. Coconut. A Guide to Traditional and Improved Varieties; Diversiflora: Montpellier, France, 2005. [ Google Scholar] Li, J.; Htwe, Y.M.; Wang, Y.; Yang, Y.; Wu, Y.; Li, D.; Kareem, A.; Wang, R. Analysis of sugars and fatty acids during haustorium development and seedling growth of coconut. Agron. J. 2019, 111, 2341–2349. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef]
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Harries, H. Germination and taxonomy of the coconut. Ann. Bot. 1981, 48, 873–883. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] The leaves are used for thatching houses, or for decorating climbing frames and meeting rooms in Cambodia, where the plant is known as dôô:ng. [159] Timber Coconut trunk Inferred historical introduction of coconuts from the original centers of diversity in the Indian subcontinent and Island Southeast Asia [49] [20] [51] In Kerala, India, the main coconut pests are the coconut mite, the rhinoceros beetle, the red palm weevil, and the coconut leaf caterpillar. Research into countermeasures to these pests has as of 2009 [update] yielded no results; researchers from the Kerala Agricultural University and the Central Plantation Crop Research Institute, Kasaragode, continue to work on countermeasures. The Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kannur under Kerala Agricultural University has developed an innovative extension approach called the compact area group approach to combat coconut mites. Coconut oil is increasingly used in the food industry. [113] Proteins from coconut may cause food allergy, including anaphylaxis. [113]
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