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ALKANI Industrial Coat Tree Coat Rack Stand, Hat Rack Umbrella Stand Coat Tree, Hall Tree Free Standing, With 6 Beech Wood Hooks, For Clothes, Hat, Bag

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Alkani od nonana (C 9H 18) do heksadekana (C 16H 34) so tekočine z visokimi vrelišči ter večjo viskoznostjo kot bencini in niso primerni za pogon bencinskih motorjev. Uporabljajo se v glavnem kot dizelska in letalska goriva (kerozin). Kakovost dizelskih goriv se meri s cetanskim številom (cetan je staro ime za heksadekan). Zaradi višjih tališč se njihova viskoznost pri nizkih temperaturah tako poveča, da pozimi v polarnih področjih povzroča težave. This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( January 2021) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) Sekundarni amini (oblika R-NH-R)imenuju se tako da najdulji ugljikov lanac povezan za dušikov atom postaje primarno ime amina; drugi lanac se piše kao prefiks alkilne skupine uz broj veznog mjesta napisan ukoso N: CH 3NHCH 2CH 3 je N-metiletanamin. Za tercijarne amine (R-NR-R) vrijedi slično: CH 3CH 2N(CH 3)CH 2CH 2CH 3 je N-etil- N-metilpropanamin. Substituenti se sortiraju abecedno. Certain types of bacteria can metabolize alkanes: they prefer even-numbered carbon chains as they are easier to degrade than odd-numbered chains. [32] Halogeniranje alkanov je zelo pomembenno za industrijsko pridobivanje halogeniranih ogljikovodikov. Reakcija poteka v treh stopnjah:

Smith, Michael B.; March, Jerry (2007). Advanced Organic Chemistry: Reactions, Mechanisms, and Structure (6thed.). New York: Wiley-Interscience. p.23. ISBN 978-0-471-72091-1. Ako postoje nejasnoće u položaju substituenta, ovisno koji kraj alkana je označen kao "1", brojanje se vrši tako da je substituent na najmanjem mogućem broju. Npr., (CH 3) 2CHCH 2CH 3 (izopentan) ima ime 2-metilbutan, a ne 3-metilbutan. C 7: 9 isomers: heptane, methylhexane (2 isomers), dimethylpentane (4 isomers), 3-ethylpentane, 2,2,3-trimethylbutane Određivanje broja lanca. To se radi brojanjem ugljikovih atoma u glavnom lancu u oba smjera (slijeva nadesno i zdesna nalijevo), te odabir broja koje prati sljedeća pravila, po reduIf there are multiple side chains of the same type, use prefixes such as "di-" and "tri-" to indicate it as such, and number each one. Under standard conditions, from CH 4 to C 4H 10 alkanes are gaseous; from C 5H 12 to C 17H 36 they are liquids; and after C 18H 38 they are solids. As the boiling point of alkanes is primarily determined by weight, it should not be a surprise that the boiling point has an almost linear relationship with the size ( molecular weight) of the molecule. As a rule of thumb, the boiling point rises 20–30°C for each carbon added to the chain; this rule applies to other homologous series. [18] Straight-chain alkanes are sometimes indicated by the prefix "n-" or " n-"(for "normal") where a non-linear isomer exists. Although this is not strictly necessary and is not part of the IUPAC naming system, the usage is still common in cases where one wishes to emphasize or distinguish between the straight-chain and branched-chain isomers, e.g., " n-butane" rather than simply "butane" to differentiate it from isobutane. Alternative names for this group used in the petroleum industry are linear paraffins or n-paraffins. Komisija za nomenklaturu organske kemije. 1971 (treće izdanje). [1958 (A: Ugljikovodici, and B: Kjlučni heterociklički sustavi), 1965 (C: Karakteristične skupine)] Nomenklatura organske kemije 3izdanje. Butterworths. London. ISBN 0-408-70144-7 CS1 održavanje: nepreporučeni parametar - origyear ( pomoć); Provjerite vrijednost datuma u parametru: |year= ( pomoć)

U kemiji se često koriste prefiksi, interfiksi i sufiksi za opisivanje vrste i položaja funkcijske skupine unutar kemijskog spoja. sp 2 хибридизоване, планарне честице. Стабилност овако добијених алкил-радикала варира и објашњава се појавом хиперконјугације. Наиме, радикалске p орбитале се преклапају са сигма орбиталама C-C веза стабилизујући радикал. Самим тим, што се више бочних група налази на радикалском угљенику, радикал је стабилнији и већа је вероватноћа његовог настанка. Дужи низови, у циљу настајања што стабилнијег радикала, подлежу и скелетном премештању чиме се често добијају наизглед неочекивани производи. С тим треба напоменути и да је метил-радикал веома нестабилна честица. Ouellette, Robert J.; Rawn, J. David (1 January 2015). "Alkanes and Cycloalkanes". Principles of Organic Chemistry. Elsevier. pp.65–94. doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-802444-7.00003-3. ISBN 978-0-12-802444-7.

Zasićeni ugljikovodici – CIKLOALKANI

s и три p орбитале угљеника, који је увек четворовалентан у органским једињењима. sp 3 хибридизација присутна је у свим алканима и она условљава тетраедарско просторно распоређивање хибридизованих атомских орбитала. Alkalis are all Arrhenius bases, ones which form hydroxide ions (OH −) when dissolved in water. Common properties of alkaline aqueous solutions include: Alkanes experience intermolecular van der Waals forces. The cumulative effects of these intermolecular forces give rise to greater boiling points of alkanes. [18] Alkani, kao i većina drugih ugljikovodika, su veoma lahko zapaljivi, te se uglavnom koriste kao gorivo u industriji ili u domaćinstvima. Benzin, naprimjer, je smjesa koja se sastoji od oko 90% oktana, 8% heptana i 2% drugih ugljikovodika te sumpora i olova. Propan i butan su plinovi koji su našli široku primjenu kao zamjena za ugalj i drvo, a odnedavno i kao alternativa pogonskom gorivu za automobile.

The word "alkali" is derived from Arabic al qalīy (or alkali), [1] meaning the calcined ashes (see calcination), referring to the original source of alkaline substances. A water-extract of burned plant ashes, called potash and composed mostly of potassium carbonate, was mildly basic. After heating this substance with calcium hydroxide ( slaked lime), a far more strongly basic substance known as caustic potash ( potassium hydroxide) was produced. Caustic potash was traditionally used in conjunction with animal fats to produce soft soaps, one of the caustic processes that rendered soaps from fats in the process of saponification, one known since antiquity. Plant potash lent the name to the element potassium, which was first derived from caustic potash, and also gave potassium its chemical symbol K (from the German name Kalium), which ultimately derived from al kali. a b c EA Baker (1982) Chemistry and morphology of plant epicuticular waxes. pp. 139-165. In "The Plant Cuticle". edited by DF Cutler, KL Alvin and CE Price. Academic Press, London. ISBN 0-12-199920-3 Izomerni alkani sa bočnim nizom u prošlosti su dobijali imena tako što se ispred imena alkana doda prefiks (izo, neo...) kao na primer izobutan. Međutim pošto kod alkana sa velikim brojem ugljenikovih atoma postoji mnogo izomera prihvaćeno je da se izomeri sa račvastim nizom nazivaju kao derivati alkana sa normalnim nizom. Na primer izobutan se smatra derivatom propana tj. on nosi ime kao propan kod koga je jedan vodonikov atom na srednjem ugljenikovom atomu zamenjen CH 3 grupom. Naziv "neo-pentan" je iznimka - inače svi razgranati strukturni izomeri nekog alkana imaju prefiks -izo.CDC - BUTANE - International Chemical Safety Cards - NIOSH”. www.cdc.gov . Приступљено 19. 9. 2017. CS1 одржавање: Формат датума ( веза) Hendey, N. I. (1964). "Some observations on Cladosporium resinae as a fuel contaminant and its possible role in the corrosion of aluminium alloy fuel tanks". Transactions of the British Mycological Society. 47 (7): 467–475. doi: 10.1016/s0007-1536(64)80024-3. An alkane has only C–H and C–C single bonds. The former result from the overlap of an sp 3 orbital of carbon with the 1s orbital of a hydrogen; the latter by the overlap of two sp 3 orbitals on adjacent carbon atoms. The bond lengths amount to 1.09×10 −10m for a C–H bond and 1.54×10 −10m for a C–C bond.

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