McCloud, S. (2003) Making the American Religious Fringe: Exotics, Subversives, and Journalists, 1955-1993, Duke, NC: University of North Carolina Press. Women’s bodies are used in media products as a spectacle for heterosexual male audiences, which reinforces patriarchal hegemony

ed.) (2007) Between Sacred and Profane: Researching Religion and Popular Culture,London: I.B. Tauris. Unlike the generic audience or the classic spectator, fans are active participants in the construction and circulation of textual meaningsthe processes which lead media producers to make choices about how to represent events, issues, individuals and social groups

Marshall, P., Gilbert, L. and Ahmanson, R.G. (eds) (2009) Blind Spot: When Journalists Don’t Get Religion,Oxford: Oxford University Press.Nordic Research Network on the Mediatization of Religion and Culture –Network focusing on debates about the role of media in the transformation of religion

While there are biological differences dictated by sex, our gender is defined through this series of acts. These may include the ways we walk, talk, dress, and so on

Footnotes

Gender, Ross argues, refers not only to women and femininity but also to men and masculinity as well as queer, lesbian, and gay identities, in relation to age, ethnicity, and disability. This book offers a historical discussion giving students a deeper appreciation of gender politics of contemporary media such as the “Big Brother” television program, mobile phones, and the political campaigns of Hillary Clinton and Sarah Palin. Margot Kersing, Liesbet van Zoonen, Kim Putters & Lieke Oldenhof (2022) - The changing roles of frontline bureaucrats in the digital welfare state: The case of a data dashboard in Rotterdam’s Work and Income department - Data & Policy, 4 (E24) - doi: 10.1017/dap.2022.16 - [link] There is a list below of the type of stereotypical presentations Van Zoonen believes exists in the media: Van Zoonen believes the media portray images of stereotypical women and this behaviour reinforces societal views. The media does this because they believe it reflects dominant social values (what people believe in) and male producers are influenced by this. This is a patriarchy (a society ran by men for men) which dominates and oppresses women. Forbes, B.D. and Mahan, J. (2005) Religion and Popular Culture in America, 2nd edition, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

Sweet, L.I. (ed.) (1993) Communication and Change in American Religious History, Grand Rapids: Eerdmans. Who’s Got the Power? The Question of Religious Authority and the Internet,” Journal of Computer-mediated Communication, 12(3). Online. Available here. Fandom refers to a particularly organised and motivated audience of a certain media producer franchise The absence of sound data governance in the social domain can be illustrated concretely by returning to the case from the TV-program Radar about the woman who took care of her demented mother and did not declare her mother’s savings. If we consider her case as a potential data source for predictive analytics, it becomes clear that a flaw in the data supply is qualified as fraud (nonvalid data ≠ FAIR); this unjustified qualification turns out to occur more often, but not always or everywhere (unsystematic data ≠ ROBUST); an unreliable variable has been included in the algorithm, which as a result does not predict either fairly or accurately (≠FACT); caregivers end up in risk profiles and are stigmatized as potential fraudsters (≠SHARED). If a media product represents behaviour such as violence or physical aggression, this can lead audience members to imitate those forms of behaviourRegulation' refers to the rules and restrictions that every media industry has to follow. For example the UK film industry must use the BBFC's age certifications, and television must adhere to OFCOM's regulations This model has many issues, though it still proves popular with the general public, newspapers and politicians who should frankly read a media studies textbook or two.