Sterbing-D'Angelo, Susanne; Chadha, Mohit; Chiu, Chen; Falk, Ben; Xian, Wei; Barcelo, Janna; Zook, John M.; Moss, Cynthia F. (5 July 2011). "Bat wing sensors support flight control". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 108 (27): 11291–11296. Bibcode: 2011PNAS..10811291S. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1018740108. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 3131348. PMID 21690408.

a b Hristov, N. I.; Conner, W. E. (2005). "Sound strategy: acoustic aposematism in the bat–tiger moth arms race". Naturwissenschaften. 92 (4): 164–169. Bibcode: 2005NW.....92..164H. doi: 10.1007/s00114-005-0611-7. PMID 15772807. S2CID 18306198. Colleary, C.; Dolocanc, A.; Gardnerd, J.; Singha, Suresh; Wuttkee, M. (2015). "Chemical, experimental, and morphological evidence for diagenetically altered melanin in exceptionally preserved fossils". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 112 (41): 12592–12597. Bibcode: 2015PNAS..11212592C. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1509831112. PMC 4611652. PMID 26417094. a b Wang, D.; Oakley, T.; Mower, J.; Shimmin, L. C.; Yim, S.; Honeycutt, R. L.; Tsao, H.; Li, W. H. (2004). "Molecular evolution of bat colo Langley, L. (29 August 2015). "Bats and Sloths Don't Get Dizzy Hanging Upside Down – Here's Why". National Geographic . Retrieved 10 June 2017. Bishop, K. L. (2008). "The Evolution of Flight in Bats: Narrowing the Field of Plausible Hypotheses". The Quarterly Review of Biology. 83 (2): 153–169. doi: 10.1086/587825. PMID 18605533. S2CID 21638734.Bats are fascinating creatures that have always intrigued us, and this bat skeleton tattoo is a perfect example of how they can be portrayed as a work of art. The tattoo artist has beautifully captured the bat’s skeleton from a unique angle that highlights its structure and symmetry. Bats often have a rodentlike or foxlike muzzle, but in many the face has a pushed-in puglike appearance. In the nectar feeders the snout is elongated to house the long extensible tongue. Many bats have a facial ornament, the nose leaf, which consists of skin and connective tissue. It surrounds the nostrils and extends as a free flap or flaps above the nostrils and in front of the face. The complexity and shape of the nose leaf varies with family; its presence correlates with nasal emission of orientation signals. Thus, it is supposed that the nose leaf influences sound output, perhaps by narrowing the beam, but evidence is sparse. Bats provide humans with some direct benefits, at the cost of some disadvantages. Bat dung has been mined as guano from caves and used as fertiliser. Bats consume insect pests, reducing the need for pesticides and other insect management measures. They are sometimes numerous enough and close enough to human settlements to serve as tourist attractions, and they are used as food across Asia and the Pacific Rim. However, fruit bats are frequently considered pests by fruit growers. Due to their physiology, bats are one type of animal that acts as a natural reservoir of many pathogens, such as rabies; and since they are highly mobile, social, and long-lived, they can readily spread disease among themselves. If humans interact with bats, these traits become potentially dangerous to humans. Some bats are also predators of mosquitoes, suppressing the transmission of mosquito-borne diseases. a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Jones, G. (2001). "Bats". In MacDonald, D. (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Mammals (2nded.). Oxford University Press. pp.754–775. ISBN 978-0-7607-1969-5.

Fleming, T. (2003). A Bat Man in the Tropics: Chasing El Duende. University of California Press. p. 165. ISBN 978-0520236066. a b Roberts, W. C. (2006). "Facts and ideas from anywhere". Proceedings (Baylor University. Medical Center). 19 (4): 425–434. doi: 10.1080/08998280.2006.11928217. PMC 1618737. PMID 17106509. The bat is sometimes used as a heraldic symbol in Spain and France, appearing in the coats of arms of the towns of Valencia, Palma de Mallorca, Fraga, Albacete, and Montchauvet. [278] [279] [280] Three US states have an official state bat. Texas and Oklahoma are represented by the Mexican free-tailed bat, while Virginia is represented by the Virginia big-eared bat ( Corynorhinus townsendii virginianus). [281] Economics [ edit ] Teeling, E. C.; Madsen, O; Van Den Bussche, R. A.; de Jong, W. W.; Stanhope, M. J.; Springer, M. S. (2002). "Microbat paraphyly and the convergent evolution of a key innovation in Old World rhinolophoid microbats". PNAS. 99 (3): 1431–1436. Bibcode: 2002PNAS...99.1431T. doi: 10.1073/pnas.022477199. PMC 122208. PMID 11805285.Bats are eaten in countries across Africa, Asia and the Pacific Rim. In some cases, such as in Guam, flying foxes have become endangered through being hunted for food. [253] There is evidence that suggests that wind turbines might create sufficient barotrauma (pressure damage) to kill bats. [254] Bats have typical mammalian lungs, which are thought to be more sensitive to sudden air pressure changes than the lungs of birds, making them more liable to fatal rupture. [255] [256] [257] [258] [259] Bats may be attracted to turbines, perhaps seeking roosts, increasing the death rate. [255] Acoustic deterrents may help to reduce bat mortality at wind farms. [260] The delicate skeletons of bats do not fossilise well; it is estimated that only 12% of bat genera that lived have been found in the fossil record. [6] Most of the oldest known bat fossils were already very similar to modern microbats, such as Archaeopteropus (32 million years ago). The oldest known bat fossil is Icaronycteris gunnelli (52 million years ago). The two sets of fossils were discovered in Wyoming. [7] The extinct bats Palaeochiropteryx tupaiodon and Hassianycteris kumari, both of which lived 48million years ago, are the first fossil mammals whose colouration has been discovered: both were reddish-brown. [8] [9]

Paleontologists have collected so many bats that have been identified as Icaronycteris index, and we wondered if there were actually multiple species among these specimens,” said Tim Rietbergen, an evolutionary biologist at Naturalis. “Then we learned about a new skeleton that diverted our attention.”Sophasarun, N. "Experts debunk bats' bad rap". Online extra. National Geographic . Retrieved 14 November 2017. Some bats live in sun-baked roosts without access to water during the day. They may choose these roosts for their heat, and thus conserve their own, but it is not yet known how they hold their body temperature down without using water. In the laboratory, bats die if body temperature rises above about 40–41 °C (104–106 °F). Senses